Arthur Allen, Author at KFF Health News https://kffhealthnews.org Wed, 09 Oct 2024 09:14:35 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.5.5 https://kffhealthnews.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/04/kffhealthnews-icon.png?w=32 Arthur Allen, Author at KFF Health News https://kffhealthnews.org 32 32 161476233 Employers Haven’t a Clue How Their Drug Benefits Are Managed https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/employer-drug-benefits-pbms-survey-kff/ Wed, 09 Oct 2024 09:00:00 +0000 https://kffhealthnews.org/?post_type=article&p=1927069 Most employers have little idea what the pharmacy benefit managers they hire do with the money they exchange for the medications used by their employees, according to a KFF survey released Wednesday morning.

In KFF’s latest employer health benefits survey, company officials were asked how much of the rebates collected from drugmakers by pharmacy benefit managers, or PBMs, is returned to them. In recent years, the pharmaceutical industry has tried to deflect criticism of high drug prices by saying much of that income is siphoned off by the PBMs, companies that manage patients’ drug benefits on behalf of employers and health plans.

PBM leaders say they save companies and patients billions of dollars annually by obtaining rebates from drugmakers that they pass along to employers. Drugmakers, meanwhile, say they raise their list prices so high in order to afford the rebates that PBMs demand in exchange for placing the drugs on formularies that make them available to patients.

Leaders of the three largest PBMs — CVS Caremark, Optum RX and Express Scripts — all testified in Congress in July that 95% to 98% of the rebates they collect from drugmakers flow to employers.

For KFF’s survey of 2,142 randomly selected companies, officials from those with 500 or more employees were asked how much of the rebates negotiated by PBMs returned to the company as savings. About 19% said they received most of the rebates, 27% said some, and 16% said little. Thirty-seven percent of the respondents didn’t know.

While a larger percentage of officials from the largest companies said they got most or some of the rebates, the answers — and their contrast with the testimony of PBM leaders — reflect the confusion or ignorance of employers about what their drug benefit managers do, said survey leader Gary Claxton, a senior vice president at KFF, a health information nonprofit that includes KFF Health News.

“I don’t think they can ever know all the ways the money moves around because there are so many layers, between the wholesalers and the pharmacies and the manufacturers,” he said.

Critics say big PBMs — which are parts of conglomerates that include pharmacies, providers, and insurers — may conceal the size of their rebates by conducting negotiations through corporate-controlled rebate aggregators, or group purchasers, mostly based overseas in tax havens, that siphon off a percentage of the cash before it goes on the PBMs’ books.

PBMs also make money by encouraging or requiring patients to use affiliated specialty pharmacies, by skimping on payments to other pharmacies, and by collecting extra cash from drug companies through the federal 340B drug pricing program, which is aimed at lowering drug costs for low-income patients, said Antonio Ciaccia, CEO of 46brooklyn Research.

The KFF survey indicates how little employers understand the PBMs and their pricing policies. “Employers are generally frustrated by the lack of transparency into all the prices out there,” Claxton said. “They can’t actually know what’s true.”

Billionaire Mark Cuban started a company to undercut the PBMs by selling pharmaceuticals with transparent pricing policies. He tells Fortune 500 executives he meets, “You’re getting ripped off, you’re losing money because it’s not your core competency to understand how your PBM and health insurance contracts work,” Cuban told KFF Health News in an interview Tuesday.

Ciaccia, who has conducted PBM investigations for several states, said employers are not equipped to understand the behavior of the PBMs and often are surprised at how unregulated the PBM business is.

“You’d assume that employers want to pay less, that they would want to pay more attention,” he said. “But what I’ve learned is they are often underequipped, underresourced, and oftentimes not understanding the severity of the lack of oversight and accountability.”

Employers may assume the PBMs are acting in their best interest, but they don’t have a legal obligation to do so.

Prices can be all over the map, even those charged by the same PBM, Ciaccia said. In a Medicaid study he recently conducted, a PBM was billing employers anywhere from $2,000 to $8,000 for a month’s worth of imatinib, a cancer drug that can be bought as a generic for as little as $30.

PBM contracts often guarantee discounts of certain percentage points for generics and brand-name drugs. But the contracts then contain five pages of exclusions, and “no employer will know what they mean,” Ciaccia said. “That person doesn’t have enough information to have an informed opinion.”

The KFF survey found that companies’ annual premiums for coverage of individual employees had increased from an average of $7,739 in 2021 to $8,951 this year, and $22,221 to $25,572 for families. Among employers’ greatest concerns was how to cover increasingly popular weight loss drugs that list at $2,000 a month or more.

Only 18% of respondents said their companies covered drugs such as Wegovy for weight loss. The largest group of employers offering such coverage — 28% — was those with 5,000 or more employees.

KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.

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FDA’s Promised Guidance on Pulse Oximeters Unlikely To End Decades of Racial Bias https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/pulse-oximeters-racial-bias-fda-rules/ Mon, 07 Oct 2024 09:00:00 +0000 https://kffhealthnews.org/?post_type=article&p=1924556 OAKLAND, Calif. — The patient was in his 60s, an African American man with emphysema. The oximeter placed on his fingertip registered well above the 88% blood oxygen saturation level that signals an urgent risk of organ failure and death.

Yet his doctor, Noha Aboelata, believed the patient was sicker than the device showed. So she sent him for a lab test, which confirmed her suspicion that he needed supplemental oxygen at home.

Months later, in December 2020, Aboelata thought back to her patient as she read a New England Journal of Medicine article showing that pulse oximeters were three times as likely to miss dangerously low blood oxygen levels in Black patients as in white ones. At a time when Black Americans were dying of covid at high rates and hospitals struggled to find beds and oxygen for those needing them, the finding exposed one of the most blatant examples of institutional racism in American health care.

“I was like, ‘Were there other patients I missed?” said Aboelata, a family physician and the CEO of Oakland-based Roots Community Health. As she shared the article with colleagues, “there was so much anger and frustration because we had every reason to believe we could rely on this device, and it was systematically not working in the population that we served.”

State attorneys general and U.S. senators have pressed the FDA to take steps to eliminate pulse oximetry’s racial bias, which has caused delays in treatment and worse health outcomes, and more recently has raised concern about the reliability of hospital AI tools that draw on reams of data from the devices.

Aboelata’s clinic has sued producers and stores that sell oximeters, demanding they pull the devices or add safety warnings to the labels. Many of her patients rely on home oxygen, which requires accurate readings for Medicare to cover.

But getting rid of the devices, central to care for heart and lung diseases, sleep apnea, and other conditions, isn’t an option.

Since the 1990s, the convenient fingertip clamps have come to stand in for many uses of arterial blood gas readings, which are the gold standard for determining oxygen levels but dangerous if not done carefully. Makers of oximeters will sell around $3 billion of them this year because they are used in nearly every hospital, clinic, and long-term care facility. During the pandemic, hundreds of thousands of Americans bought them for home use.

One of them was Walter Wilson, a 70-year-old businessman in San Jose who has had two kidney transplants since 2000. Wilson contracted covid last December but delayed visiting a doctor because his home pulse oximetry readings were in the normal range.

“I’m a dark-complected Black guy. I was very sick. Had the oximeter picked that up I would have gotten to the hospital sooner,” he said.

Wilson ended up back on dialysis after several years of good health. Now he’s looking to join a class action lawsuit against the device manufacturers.

“They’ve known for years that people with darker skin get bad readings,” he said, “but they tested them on healthy white people.”

After years of little action on the issue, the FDA in 2021 sent a safety warning to doctors about oximeters. It has also funded research to improve the devices and promised to issue new guidelines for how to make them.

But as the FDA polishes draft guidelines it had hoped to publish by Oct. 1, clinicians and scientists are unsure what to expect. The agency has indicated it will recommend that manufacturers test new oximeters on more people, including a large percentage with dark-pigmented skin.

Because of industry pushback, however, the guidance isn’t expected to ask device makers to test oximeters under real-world conditions, said Michael Lipnick, a University of California-San Francisco anesthesiologist and researcher.

Hospitalized people are often dehydrated, with restricted blood flow to their extremities. This condition, known as low perfusion — essentially, poor circulation — is particularly common with cardiovascular disease, which is more prevalent in Black patients.

Pigmentation and poor perfusion “work together to degrade pulse oximetry performance,” said Philip Bickler, who directs the Hypoxia Research Lab at UCSF. “During covid, Black patients showed up sicker because of all the barriers those patients face in accessing health care. They’re showing up on death’s door, and their perfusion is lower.”

The FDA guidance isn’t expected to require manufacturers to measure how well their devices perform in patients with poor perfusion. All this means that the FDA’s efforts could lead to devices that work in healthy dark-skinned adults but do “not fix the problem,” said Hugh Cassiere, who chairs a panel for the FDA’s Medical Devices Advisory Committee, at its February meeting.

A History of Inaction

Although some recent industry-sponsored studies have shown that certain devices work across skin tones, research dating to the 1980s has found discrepancies in pulse oximetry. In 2005, Bickler and other scientists at the Hypoxia Lab published evidence that three leading devices consistently failed to detect hypoxemia in darkly pigmented patients — especially those who were severely oxygen-depleted. Noting that these readings could be crucial to directing treatment, the authors called for oximeters to carry warnings.

The FDA’s response was modest. Its regulatory pathway for pulse oximeters clears them for sale as long as they show “substantial equivalence” to devices already on the market. In a 2007 draft guidance document, the FDA suggested that tests of new oximeters could “include a sufficient number of subjects with dark skin pigmentation, e.g., 30%.” However, the final guidance, issued in 2013, recommended “at least 2 darkly pigmented subjects or 15% of your subject pool, whichever is larger.” The studies were required to have only 10 subjects. And the agency did not define “dark-pigmented.”

Testing the devices involves fitting patients with masks that control the gases they breathe, while simultaneously taking pulse oximetry readings and samples of arterial blood that are fed into a highly accurate measuring device, invented by the Hypoxia Lab’s late founder, John Severinghaus.

Bickler, who evinces the bemused skepticism of a seasoned car mechanic when discussing the scores of devices his lab has tested, said “you can’t always trust what the manufacturers say.”

Their data, he said, ranges from “completely inaccurate” to “obtained under absolutely ideal conditions, nothing like a real-world performance.”

During the pandemic, a medical charity approached the lab about donating thousands of oximeters to poor countries. The oximeters it had chosen “weren’t very good,” he said. After that, the lab set up its own ratings page, a kind of Consumer Reports for pulse oximeters.

According to its tests, some expensive devices don’t work; a few of the $35 gadgets are more effective than competitors costing $350. Over a third of the marketed devices the lab has tested don’t meet current FDA standards, according to the site.

To investigate whether real-world tests of oximeters are feasible, the FDA funded a UCSF study that has recruited about 200 intensive care unit patients. The data from the study is being prepared to undergo peer review for publication, Bickler said.

He said the lab did not warm the hands of patients in the study, which is the customary practice of manufacturers when they test their devices. Warming assures better circulation in the finger the device is attached to.

“It affects the signal-to-noise ratio,” Bickler said. “Remember when car radios had AM stations, and you’d get a lot of static? That’s what poor perfusion does — it causes noise, or static that can obscure a clear signal from the device.”

Hypoxia Lab scientists — and doctors in the real world — don’t warm patients’ hands. But “the industry people can’t agree on how to handle it,” he said.

Masimo, a company that says it has the most accurate pulse oximeters on the market, would happily comply with any FDA guidance, Daniel Cantillon, Masimo’s chief medical officer, said in an interview.

How Much To Fix the Problem?

The very best devices, according to the Hypoxia Lab, cost $6,000 or more. That points to another problem.

With better accuracy, “you are going to reduce patient access to devices for a large proportion of the world that simply can’t afford them,” Lipnick said.

Even if the FDA can’t please everyone, its anticipated call for more people with darker skin in oximetry tests will “assure there’s real diversity in the development and testing of those devices before they come to market,” Lipnick said. “That bar has been too low for decades.”

It is difficult to assess harm to individuals from faulty oximeter readings, because these errors are often one factor in a chain of events. But studies at Johns Hopkins University and elsewhere indicated that patients whose oxygen depletion wasn’t noticed — possibly thousands of them — had delayed treatment and worse outcomes.

Already, Aboelata said, a few manufacturers — Zewa Medical Technology, Veridian Healthcare, and Gurin Products — have responded to the Roots Community Health lawsuit by including warnings about their devices’ limitations.

There’s not much she and other clinicians can do in daily practice, she said, other than establish a baseline reading with each new patient and be on the lookout for notable drops. Hospitals have other tools to check oxygen levels, but correct readings are critical for outpatient care, she said. In 2022, Connecticut enacted a law banning insurers from denying home oxygen or other services based solely on pulse oximetry readings.

But “adapting around the crappy device isn’t the solution,” said Theodore Iwashyna, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health professor who co-authored the New England Journal of Medicine article. “A less crappy device is the solution.”

KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.

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Por qué se habla de discriminación racial al tomar el nivel de oxígeno https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/por-que-se-habla-de-discriminacion-racial-al-tomar-el-nivel-de-oxigeno/ Mon, 07 Oct 2024 08:45:00 +0000 https://kffhealthnews.org/?post_type=article&p=1926675 OAKLAND, California – El paciente tendría poco más de 60 años y era un hombre afroamericano con enfisema. El oxímetro colocado en la yema de su dedo registraba un nivel de saturación de oxígeno en sangre muy superior al 88%, el índice que indica un riesgo urgente de falla orgánica y muerte.

Sin embargo  su médica, Noha Aboelata, creyó que estaba más enfermo que lo que indicaba el aparato. Así que lo envió a hacerse unos análisis de laboratorio que confirmaron su sospecha: el hombre necesitaba oxígeno suplementario en casa.

Meses después, en diciembre de 2020, Aboelata volvió a pensar en su paciente mientras leía el New England Journal of Medicine. El artículo señalaba que los oxímetros de pulso tenían tres veces más probabilidades de no detectar niveles peligrosamente bajos de oxígeno en sangre en pacientes negros que en pacientes blancos.

En un momento en el que los estadounidenses de raza negra morían de covid a un ritmo elevado y los hospitales luchaban por encontrar camas y oxígeno para quienes los necesitaban, el hallazgo puso al descubierto uno de los ejemplos más flagrantes de racismo institucional en la atención médica estadounidense.

“Me pregunté si otros pacientes se me habrían pasado por alto”, reflexionó Aboelata, médica de familia y directora ejecutiva de Roots Community Health, con sede en Oakland.

Los colegas con quienes compartió el artículo tuvieron percepciones similares. “Sentimos mucha rabia y frustración porque teníamos todos los motivos para creer que podíamos confiar en este dispositivo pero nos dimos cuenta de que el oxímetro fallaba sistemáticamente en la población a la que atendíamos”, explicó.

Fiscales estatales y senadores de EE.UU. han presionado a la Administración de Drogas y Alimentos (FDA) para que tome medidas que ayuden a eliminar la desviación racial en los oxímetros de pulso.

Los funcionarios entienden que esto ha causado retrasos en los tratamientos y resultados desfavorables en la atención de salud. Más recientemente, esta falla del funcionamiento de los oxímetros de pulso también ha generado preocupación sobre la fiabilidad de las herramientas de Inteligencia Artificial en los hospitales, que dependen mucho de los datos que se obtienen de estos dispositivos.

La clínica de Aboelata ha demandado a los fabricantes y a los comercios que venden oxímetros, planteando la exigencia de que retiren estos dispositivos o por lo menos les agreguen advertencias de seguridad en las etiquetas. Muchos de sus pacientes dependen de la provisión de oxígeno domiciliario y para que el Medicare lo cubra es necesario brindar información precisa.

Sin embargo, eliminarlos no es una opción porque son fundamentales para el tratamiento de enfermedades cardíacas y pulmonares, la apnea del sueño y otras afecciones.

Desde la década de 1990, las cómodas pinzas en la yema de los dedos han sustituido en muchos usos a las lecturas de gases en sangre arterial, que son una referencia definitiva para determinar los niveles de oxígeno en sangre pero también son peligrosas si no se efectúan con cuidado.

Este año, los fabricantes de oxímetros de pulso venderán alrededor de $ 3.000 millones de estos pequeños aparatitos que se utilizan en casi todos los hospitales, clínicas y residencias para adultos mayores. Durante la pandemia, cientos de miles de estadounidenses los compraron para usarlos en su propio hogar.

Uno de ellos fue Walter Wilson, un empresario de 70 años que vive en San José, California. Wilson, que ha atravesado dos trasplantes de riñón desde el año 2000, contrajo covid en diciembre de 2023 pero retrasó la visita al médico porque los indicadores que veía en el oxímetro de pulso que utilizaba en su casa estaban en el rango normal.

“Soy un hombre negro, de piel oscura. Estaba muy enfermo. Si el oxímetro lo hubiera detectado, hubiera ido mucho antes al hospital”, explicó.

Wilson acabó de nuevo en diálisis tras varios años de estar con buena salud. Ahora quiere unirse a una demanda colectiva contra los fabricantes del dispositivo.

“Desde hace años saben que las personas con piel más oscura obtienen lecturas incorrectas”, dijo, “pero solo los probaron en personas blancas saludables”.

Después de dejar pasar el tiempo sin hacer mucho sobre este problema, en 2021 la FDA envió a los médicos un alerta de seguridad sobre los oxímetros de pulso. Por otra parte, financió investigaciones para mejorar los dispositivos y ha prometido publicar nuevas directrices sobre cómo fabricarlos.

Pero mientras la FDA trabajaba en un borrador de directrices, los médicos y los científicos no saben a qué atenerse. La agencia ha informado que recomendará a los fabricantes que prueben los nuevos oxímetros en más personas, y que incluyan un gran porcentaje de individuos con piel de pigmentación oscura.

Sin embargo, a causa de la resistencia que presentó la industria, los fabricantes de dispositivos no tendrán que probar los oxímetros en condiciones reales, según Michael Lipnick, anestesiólogo e investigador de la Universidad de California-San Francisco (UCSF).

Las personas hospitalizadas suelen estar deshidratadas y mostrar un flujo sanguíneo restringido en las extremidades. Esta situación, conocida como “baja perfusión” —es decir, mala circulación—, es especialmente habitual en las enfermedades cardiovasculares, que a la vez son más frecuentes entre los pacientes de raza negra.

La pigmentación y la mala perfusión “actúan conjuntamente para degradar el rendimiento de la pulsioximetría”, explicó Philip Bickler, director del Laboratorio de Investigación sobre la Hipoxia de la UCSF. “Durante la pandemia de covid, los pacientes negros llegaban al hospital en peores condiciones debido a todas las barreras a las que se enfrentan para acceder a la atención médica. Los recibíamos en un estado crítico y su perfusión era mucho menor”, añadió.

“No es probable que las directrices de la FDA obliguen a los fabricantes a medir el rendimiento de sus dispositivos en pacientes con mala perfusión. Por lo tanto, estos esfuerzos de la FDA podrían generar las condiciones para que los dispositivos funcionen correctamente en adultos sanos de piel oscura pero no creemos que logren solucionar el problema”, opinó Hugh Cassiere, que preside un panel del Comité Asesor de Dispositivos Médicos de la FDA, en una reunión del organismo en febrero.

Un historial de inacción

Aunque algunos estudios recientes que patrocinó la industria han demostrado que ciertos dispositivos funcionan correctamente en los distintos tonos de piel, investigaciones que se remontan a la década de 1980 han detectado discrepancias en la oximetría de pulso.

En 2005, Bickler y otros científicos del Laboratorio de Hipoxia publicaron pruebas de que tres de los principales dispositivos no detectaban de forma sistemática la hipoxemia (bajo nivel de oxígeno en sangre) en pacientes con pigmentación oscura, sobre todo en los que presentaban una grave falta de oxígeno. Tras señalar que estas lecturas podían ser cruciales para orientar el tratamiento, los autores pidieron que los oxímetros llevaran un alerta que advirtiera sobre esta dificultad.

La respuesta de la FDA fue poco significativa. La normativa que regula los oxímetros de pulso autoriza su venta siempre que demuestren una “equivalencia sustancial” con los dispositivos ya comercializados.

En un borrador de un documento orientativo de 2007, la FDA sugería que las pruebas de los nuevos oxímetros podían “incluir un número suficiente de sujetos con pigmentación oscura de la piel, por ejemplo, el 30%”. Sin embargo, la guía final, publicada en 2013, recomendó “al menos 2 sujetos con pigmentación oscura o el 15% de su grupo de personas, lo que sea mayor”. Los estudios debían tener solo 10 individuos. Y la agencia no definió “pigmentación oscura”.

Las pruebas de los dispositivos consisten en colocar a los pacientes máscaras que controlan los gases que respiran, al tiempo que se toman lecturas de oximetría de pulso y muestras de sangre arterial que se introducen en un dispositivo de medición de gran precisión, inventado por el difunto fundador del Laboratorio de Hipoxia, John Severinghaus.

Bickler, que cuando habla de las decenas de dispositivos que ha probado su laboratorio exhibe el irónico escepticismo de un avezado mecánico de automóviles, dijo que “no siempre se puede confiar en lo que dicen los fabricantes”.

Sus datos, aseguró, oscilan entre “completamente inexactos” y “obtenidos en condiciones absolutamente ideales, nada que ver con lo que sucede en el mundo real”.

Durante la pandemia, una organización médica benéfica se puso en contacto con el laboratorio para donar miles de oxímetros a países pobres. Los oxímetros que había elegido “no eran muy buenos”, explicaron. Después de eso, el laboratorio creó su propia página de calificaciones, una especie de Consumer Reports para oxímetros de pulso.

Según sus pruebas, algunos dispositivos costosos no funcionan con precisión; unos pocos aparatos de $35 son más eficaces que otros que cuestan $350. Según el sitio, más de un tercio de los dispositivos comercializados que ha probado el laboratorio no cumplen las normas actuales de la FDA.

Para investigar si las pruebas de los oxímetros en condiciones reales son viables, la FDA financió un estudio de la UCSF que ha reclutado a unos 200 pacientes en terapias intensivas. Los datos del estudio se están preparando para ser sometidos a una revisión de pares, con vistas a su publicación, según Bickler.

Bickler explicó que el laboratorio no calentó las manos de los pacientes antes de hacerles el estudio, una práctica habitual entre los fabricantes cuando prueban sus dispositivos. Dar calor a las manos asegura una mejor circulación en el dedo en donde se coloca el oxímetro.

“Afecta la relación señal/ruido”, afirma Bickler. “¿Recuerdas cuando las radios de los coches tenían emisoras AM y se oía mucha estática? Eso es lo que hace una perfusión deficiente: provoca ruido o estática que puede ocultar una señal clara del dispositivo”.

Los científicos del Laboratorio de Hipoxia —y los médicos que atienden en el mundo real— no calientan las manos de los pacientes. Pero “la gente de la industria no se pone de acuerdo sobre cómo manejarlo”, dijo.

Masimo, una empresa que dice tener los oxímetros de pulso más precisos del mercado cumpliría gustosamente cualquier directriz de la FDA, afirmó en una entrevista Daniel Cantillon, director médico de la compañía.

¿Cuánto cuesta solucionar el problema?

Los mejores dispositivos, según el Laboratorio de Hipoxia, cuestan $6.000 o más. Esto agrega otro problema.

Con oxímetros más precisos, “se va a reducir el acceso de los pacientes a los dispositivos porque una gran proporción de las personas simplemente no puede permitírselos”, dijo Lipnick.

Aunque la FDA no pueda complacer a todos, el requisito de incluir a más personas de piel oscura en las pruebas de oximetría “garantizará que haya una verdadera diversidad en el desarrollo y en las pruebas de esos dispositivos antes de que lleguen al mercado”, afirmó Lipnick. “Ese estándar ha sido demasiado bajo durante décadas”, agregó.

Es difícil evaluar el daño que puede causar en las personas las lecturas erróneas de los oxímetros, porque estos errores suelen ser un factor más en una cadena de incidentes. Pero estudios realizados en la Universidad Johns Hopkins y en otros centros indican que los pacientes a los que no se les detectó falta de oxígeno —posiblemente miles de personas— sufrieron demoras en el tratamiento y obtuvieron resultados más desfavorables.

Según Aboelata, algunos fabricantes, Zewa Medical Technology, Veridian Healthcare y Gurin Products, ya han respondido a la demanda de Roots Community Health incluyendo advertencias sobre las limitaciones de sus dispositivos.

No hay mucho que ella y otros médicos puedan hacer en la práctica diaria, dijo, aparte de establecer una lectura de referencia con cada nuevo paciente y estar atentos a consecuencias significativas.

Los hospitales tienen otras herramientas para medir los niveles de oxígeno, pero las lecturas correctas de los oxímetros son fundamentales para la atención ambulatoria, añadió.

En 2022, Connecticut promulgó una ley que prohíbe a las aseguradoras denegar la provisión de oxígeno a domicilio y otros servicios que se basan en las lecturas de la oximetría de pulso.

Pero “adaptarse a un dispositivo de mala calidad no es la solución”, aseguró Theodore Iwashyna, profesor de la Escuela de Salud Pública Bloomberg de Johns Hopkins y coautor del artículo del New England Journal of Medicine. “La solución es trabajar con un dispositivo menos inexacto”.

KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.

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Florida’s New Covid Booster Guidance Is Straight-Up Misinformation https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/florida-covid-booster-vaccine-shot-guidance-misinformation/ Mon, 23 Sep 2024 09:00:00 +0000 https://kffhealthnews.org/?post_type=article&p=1919482 In what has become a pattern of spreading vaccine misinformation, the Florida health department is telling older Floridians and others at highest risk from covid-19 to avoid most booster shots, saying they are potentially dangerous.

Clinicians and scientists denounced the message as politically fueled scaremongering that also weakens efforts to protect against diseases like measles and whooping cough.

A prominent Florida doctor expressed dismay that medical leaders in the state, leery of angering Gov. Ron DeSantis, have been slow to counter anti-vaccine messages from Surgeon General Joseph Ladapo, including the latest covid bulletin. Ladapo is a DeSantis appointee and the top official at the state health department.

The bulletin makes a number of false or unproven claims about the efficacy and safety of mRNA-based covid vaccines by Pfizer and Moderna, including that they could threaten “the integrity of the human genome.” Florida’s guidance generally regurgitates ideas from anti-vaccine websites, said John Moore, a professor of microbiology at Weill Cornell Medicine.

Ladapo did not respond to a request for comment. DeSantis referred questions to the health department, which said the surgeon general’s guidance and citations “speak for themselves” and pointed to a post he made on the social platform X accusing the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and FDA of “gaslighting Americans.”

DeSantis has styled himself and his administration as a bulwark against vaccine mandates, lockdowns, and other restrictive public health protections adopted during the pandemic to curb infections and save lives. Covid vaccination has become a partisan issue, with surveys by KFF, the health information nonprofit that includes KFF Health News, finding that Republicans have far less confidence in the safety and efficacy of the shots than Democrats.

But vaccine historians consulted for this article could not recall any previous state health leader urging residents to shun an FDA-approved and CDC-recommended vaccination. “It’s unprecedented,” said Paul Offit, director of the Vaccine Education Center at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.

Florida medical leaders should speak out more forcefully against Ladapo’s attacks on public health, said Jeffrey Goldhagen, a pediatrician and professor at the University of Florida College of Medicine in Jacksonville. Ladapo urged people under 65 to avoid covid shots last year and has rejected public health protocols for fighting measles outbreaks.

“What you see is a pattern of fear and neglect of professional responsibilities across the state, in part because of the fear of this governor and the vindictiveness of this governor,” said Goldhagen, a former health department director in Jacksonville.

He specifically criticized the Florida Medical Association, a trade group for physicians, noting that Ladapo is a nonvoting member of the group’s board of governors. The association did not respond to emails requesting comment.

The Florida Health Care Association, whose members run more than 600 long-term care facilities, declined to comment on Ladapo’s bulletin. One nursing home chain, LeadingAge Southeast, said it was aware of both federal and state recommendations on covid boosters and encouraged providers to “engage with their residents, families, and healthcare professionals to make informed decisions.”

A spokesperson for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Cherie Duvall-Jones, said the agency “strongly disagrees with the State Surgeon General of Florida’s characterization of the safety and effectiveness of the updated mRNA COVID-19 vaccines.” The vaccines met the FDA’s “rigorous, scientific standards,” she said, and she urged people to get boosters since the population’s covid immunity has waned.

Among its incorrect claims, the Florida bulletin says the new mRNA boosters wrongly target a viral variant, omicron, that is no longer circulating widely. This is false, since all major variants of covid in the past two years evolved from omicron and subsequent mutations.

“You start off with that and then you go into head-exploding-emoji territory,” Moore said. “It’s a litany of lies out of the anti-vaxxer playbook.”

Other claims in Ladapo’s bulletin include:

  • Covid boosters don’t undergo clinical trials. It’s true that covid booster shots, whose mRNA sequences are changed slightly from previous shots, aren’t tested in large trials. Neither are annual influenza vaccines. By the time such tests would be completed, flu season would be over. But the original mRNA shots underwent clinical trials, and as with flu shots, “a lot of evidence has been collected in support of the ongoing use of the vaccines,” said Natalie Dean, a biostatistician at Emory University’s Rollins School of Public Health.
  • The shots pose a risk of infections, autoimmune disease, and other conditions. “I don’t know where these claims come from, but they aren’t accepted by the general medical community,” said William Schaffner, a Vanderbilt University School of Medicine infectious disease specialist. Serious side effects do occur, rarely, as with any medication. U.S. authorities were among the first to detect rare occurrences of myocarditis, an inflammation of the heart tissue, in young adults who got the covid vaccine. Most patients recovered quickly. Myocarditis is more commonly caused by covid infection itself.
  • The shots could cause elevated levels of spike protein and foreign genetic material in the blood. These concerns, which circulate on social media, have been disproved or have not panned out. For example, the billionths-of-a-gram quantities of bacterial DNA alleged to be contaminating covid shots are dwarfed by our other exposures, Offit said. “You encounter foreign DNA all the time, assuming you live on the planet and eat anything made from animals or vegetables,” he said. “I don’t know Dr. Ladapo, but I assume he does.”
  • Americans face “unknown risk” from too many booster shots. Scientists look at the possibility of “overvaccination” every time they study boosters. So far, no safety risks have been associated with multiple immunizations, Schaffner said.
  • Floridians should get exercise and eat vegetables and “healthy fats.” “These things will benefit your general health, but none of them will prevent covid,” Schaffner said.

The bulletin urges all Floridians, including older residents, to avoid mRNA vaccines and find alternatives. But it comes off as “not in good faith” because it doesn’t specifically mention the only non-mRNA vaccine available, from Novavax, Dean said.

Several critics of Ladapo’s bulletin said it read like a tryout for a job in a Trump administration advised by longtime anti-vaccine activist Robert F. Kennedy Jr., who has said Trump wants him to help vet senior health officials. Trump has said children receive too many vaccines and suggested that vaccines cause autism, a myth debunked by years of scientific research.

Ironically, although his administration oversaw the triumphantly rapid creation of the first covid vaccines, Trump declined to receive his shots in public, as presidents have done during past epidemics.

Ladapo’s vaccine statement “aligns with Project 2025,” Offit said, referring to the conservative Heritage Foundation policy blueprint. While the plan’s authors include officials from Trump’s first term, he has said it doesn’t reflect his views.

The document calls the CDC “perhaps the most incompetent and arrogant agency in the federal government.”

Organized resistance to vaccines has existed as long as vaccination itself. Within six months of the release of the mRNA vaccines in December 2020, about 70% of American adults were vaccinated. Those who refused put themselves at greater risk of hospitalization or death if they contracted covid, studies have shown.

Cheryl Holder, an internist who practices in Miami, said Ladapo’s statements had dampened interest in vaccination overall. People who are blasé about covid “also don’t want to take the tetanus vaccine, and they don’t want to take the pneumococcal vaccine, or the flu vaccine,” she said.

“We’re in the disinformation age,” Offit said. “It’s certainly a lucrative business, more lucrative than the information business. But what really bothers me is when you have people who are credentialed stand up and say these ridiculous things.”

Ladapo, he noted, has medical and doctoral degrees from Harvard.

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La nueva guía de Florida sobre los refuerzos de covid es pura desinformación https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/la-nueva-guia-de-florida-sobre-los-refuerzos-de-covid-es-pura-desinformacion/ Mon, 23 Sep 2024 08:41:00 +0000 https://kffhealthnews.org/?post_type=article&p=1921509 En lo que se ha convertido en un patrón de diseminación de desinformación sobre las vacunas, el Departamento de Salud de Florida está aconsejando a sus residentes mayores y a otros en mayor riesgo de covid-19 que eviten la mayoría de los refuerzos, asegurando que son potencialmente peligrosos.

Clínicos y científicos denuncian este mensaje como una táctica de miedo con motivación política que también debilita los esfuerzos para proteger contra enfermedades como el sarampión y la tos ferina.

Un destacado médico de Florida expresó su consternación por el hecho de que los líderes médicos del estado, temerosos de enfurecer al gobernador Ron DeSantis, hayan sido lentos para contrarrestar los mensajes antivacunas del cirujano general Joseph Ladapo, incluido el último boletín sobre covid.

Ladapo fue nombrado por DeSantis y es el principal funcionario del departamento de salud estatal.

El boletín contiene una serie de afirmaciones falsas, o no comprobadas, sobre la eficacia y seguridad de las vacunas contra covid basadas en ARNm de Pfizer y Moderna, diciendo cosas tales como que podrían amenazar “la integridad del genoma humano”.

En general, la guía de Florida repite ideas de sitios de internet antivacunas, dijo John Moore, profesor de microbiología en Weill Cornell Medicine.

Ladapo no respondió a una solicitud de comentarios. DeSantis remitió las preguntas al departamento, que dijo que las directrices y citas del cirujano general “hablan por sí mismas” y señaló un post suyo en la plataforma X acusando a los Centros para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC) y la Administración de Drogas y Alimentos (FDA) de “engañar a los estadounidenses”.

DeSantis se ha presentado a sí mismo y a su administración como un baluarte contra los mandatos de vacunas, los confinamientos y otras protecciones de salud pública restrictivas adoptadas durante la pandemia para frenar las infecciones y salvar vidas.

La inmunización contra covid se ha convertido en un tema partidista, con encuestas de KFF, la organización de información sobre salud que incluye KFF Health News, que muestran que los republicanos tienen mucha menos confianza en la seguridad y eficacia de las vacunas que los demócratas.

Pero historiadores de las vacunas consultados para este artículo no recordaron ningún líder de salud estatal anterior que instara a los residentes a rechazar una vacuna aprobada por la FDA y recomendada por los CDC. “Es algo sin precedentes”, dijo Paul Offit, director del Centro de Educación sobre Vacunas del Hospital Infantil de Philadelphia.

Líderes médicos de Florida deberían pronunciarse más enérgicamente contra los ataques de Ladapo a la salud pública, dijo Jeffrey Goldhagen, pediatra y profesor en la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Florida en Jacksonville.

El año pasado, Ladapo instó a las personas menores de 65 años a no vacunarse contra covid, y ha rechazado los protocolos de salud pública para combatir brotes de sarampión.

“Lo que ves es un patrón de miedo y negligencia de las responsabilidades profesionales en todo el estado, en parte debido al temor a este gobernador y a su espíritu de venganza”, dijo Goldhagen, ex director del Departamento de Salud en Jacksonville.

Criticó específicamente a la Asociación Médica de Florida, un grupo comercial para médicos, señalando que Ladapo es miembro sin derecho a voto de la junta de gobernadores del grupo. La asociación no respondió a correos electrónicos solicitando comentarios.

La Asociación de Atención Médica de Florida, cuyos miembros administran más de 600 centros de atención de largo plazo, se negó a comentar sobre el boletín de Ladapo. Una cadena de hogares de adultos mayores, LeadingAge Southeast, dijo que estaba al tanto de las recomendaciones federales y estatales sobre los refuerzos de covid y alentó a los proveedores a “involucrarse con sus residentes, familias y profesionales de salud para tomar decisiones informadas”.

Cherie Duvall-Jones, vocera de la FDA, dijo que la agencia “está en fuerte desacuerdo con la caracterización del cirujano general de Florida sobre la seguridad y eficacia de las vacunas actualizadas de ARNm contra COVID-19”.

Las vacunas cumplieron con los “rigurosos estándares científicos” de la FDA, dijo, y exhortó a las personas a recibir refuerzos ya que la inmunidad de la población contra covid ha disminuido.

Entre sus afirmaciones incorrectas, el boletín dice que los nuevos refuerzos de ARNm atacan una variante viral, ómicron, que ya no circula ampliamente. Esto es falso, ya que todas las variantes principales de covid en los últimos dos años evolucionaron a partir de ómicron y mutaciones posteriores.

“Empiezas con eso y luego te adentras en territorio de ‘emojis con la cabeza explotando’”, dijo Moore. “Es una letanía de mentiras sacadas de un manual antivacunas”.

Otras afirmaciones en el boletín de Ladapo incluyen:

  • Los refuerzos de la vacuna contra covid no se prueban en ensayos clínicos. Es cierto que las dosis de refuerzo de la vacuna contra covid, cuyas secuencias de ARNm se modifican ligeramente en comparación con las dosis anteriores, no se prueban en ensayos clínicos a gran escala. Tampoco se prueban las vacunas anuales contra la gripe. Para cuando estas pruebas estuvieran completas, la temporada de gripe ya habría terminado. Sin embargo, las vacunas originales de ARNm sí pasaron por ensayos clínicos y, al igual que con las vacunas contra la gripe, “se ha recopilado mucha evidencia que respalda el uso continuo de las vacunas”, dijo Natalie Dean, bioestadística en la Escuela de Salud Pública Rollins de la Universidad Emory.
  • Las vacunas presentan un riesgo de infecciones, enfermedades autoinmunes y otras afecciones. “No sé de dónde vienen estas afirmaciones, pero no son aceptadas por la comunidad médica en general”, dijo William Schaffner, especialista en enfermedades infecciosas de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Vanderbilt. Los efectos secundarios graves ocurren, raramente, como con cualquier medicamento. Las autoridades estadounidenses fueron de las primeras en detectar casos raros de miocarditis, una inflamación del tejido cardíaco, en adultos jóvenes que recibieron la vacuna contra covid. La mayoría de los pacientes se recuperaron rápidamente. La miocarditis es causada con mayor frecuencia por la infección de covid en sí.
  • Las vacunas podrían causar niveles elevados de proteína espiga y material genético extraño en la sangre. Estas preocupaciones, que circulan en las redes sociales, han sido refutadas o no han tenido fundamento. Por ejemplo, las cantidades de billonésimas de gramo de ADN bacteriano que supuestamente contaminan las vacunas contra covid son insignificantes en comparación con otras exposiciones, dijo Offit. “Encuentras ADN extraño todo el tiempo, asumiendo que vives en el planeta y comes cualquier cosa hecha de animales o vegetales”, dijo. “No conozco al Dr. Ladapo, pero asumo que él también lo hace”.
  • Los estadounidenses enfrentan un “riesgo desconocido” por recibir demasiadas dosis de refuerzo. Los científicos examinan la posibilidad de una “sobre vacunación” cada vez que estudian los refuerzos. Hasta ahora, no se han asociado riesgos de seguridad con múltiples inmunizaciones, dijo Schaffner.
  • Los floridanos deben hacer ejercicio y comer vegetales y “grasas saludables”. “Estas cosas beneficiarán tu salud general, pero ninguna de ellas previene covid”, dijo Schaffner.

El boletín insta a todos, incluidos los residentes mayores, a evitar las vacunas de ARNm y encontrar alternativas. Pero parece que “no es de buena fe” porque no menciona específicamente la única vacuna no basada en ARNm disponible, de Novavax, dijo Dean.

Varios críticos del boletín de Ladapo dijeron que parecía un ensayo para un puesto en una administración Trump, editado por el activista antivacunas de larga data Robert F. Kennedy Jr., quien ha declarado que Trump quiere que lo ayude a evaluar a los altos funcionarios de salud.

Trump ha dicho que los niños reciben demasiadas vacunas y sugirió que causan autismo, un mito desmentido por años de investigación científica.

Irónicamente, aunque su administración supervisó la creación rápida y triunfal de las primeras vacunas contra covid, Trump se negó a recibir sus vacunas en público, como lo han hecho otros presidentes durante epidemias pasadas.

La declaración de Ladapo sobre las vacunas “se alinea con el Proyecto 2025”, dijo Offit, refiriéndose al plan de políticas de la conservadora Fundación Heritage. Aunque los autores del plan incluyen funcionarios del primer mandato de Trump, él ha dicho que no refleja sus puntos de vista.

El documento califica a los CDC como “tal vez la agencia más incompetente y arrogante del gobierno federal”.

La resistencia organizada a las vacunas ha existido desde que existe la vacunación. Durante los seis meses posteriores al lanzamiento de las vacunas de ARNm en diciembre de 2020, aproximadamente el 70% de los adultos estadounidenses estaban vacunados. Aquellos que se negaron se pusieron en mayor riesgo de hospitalización o muerte si contraían el coronavirus que causa covid, según han demostrado los estudios.

Cheryl Holder, internista que ejerce en Miami, dijo que las declaraciones de Ladapo habían causa una baja en el interés general en las vacunas. Las personas que son indiferentes a covid “tampoco quieren ponerse la vacuna contra el tétanos, ni la vacuna neumocócica, ni la vacuna contra la gripe”, dijo.

“Estamos en la era de la desinformación”, dijo Offit. “Ciertamente es un negocio lucrativo, más lucrativo que el negocio de la información. Pero lo que realmente me molesta es cuando personas con credenciales se paran y dicen estas cosas ridículas”.

Destacó que Ladapo tiene el título médico y doctorados de la Universidad de Harvard.

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The New Covid Vaccine Is Out. Why You Might Not Want To Rush To Get It. https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/new-covid-vaccine-shot-approved-fda-timing-mrna/ Mon, 26 Aug 2024 09:00:00 +0000 https://kffhealthnews.org/?post_type=article&p=1903143 The FDA has approved an updated covid shot for everyone 6 months old and up, which renews a now-annual quandary for Americans: Get the shot now, with the latest covid outbreak sweeping the country, or hold it in reserve for the winter wave?

The new vaccine should provide some protection to everyone. But many healthy people who have already been vaccinated or have immunity because they’ve been exposed to covid enough times may want to wait a few months.

Covid has become commonplace. For some, it’s a minor illness with few symptoms. Others are laid up with fever, cough, and fatigue for days or weeks. A much smaller group — mostly older or chronically ill people — suffer hospitalization or death.

It’s important for those in high-risk groups to get vaccinated, but vaccine protection wanes after a few months. Those who run to get the new vaccine may be more likely to fall ill this winter when the next wave hits, said William Schaffner, an infectious disease professor at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and a spokesperson for the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases.

On the other hand, by late fall the major variants may have changed, rendering the vaccine less effective, said Peter Marks, the FDA’s top vaccine official, at a briefing Aug. 23. He urged everyone eligible to get immunized, noting that the risk of long covid is greater in the un- and undervaccinated.

Of course, if last year’s covid vaccine rollout is any guide, few Americans will heed his advice, even though this summer’s surge has been unusually intense, with levels of the covid virus in wastewater suggesting infections are as widespread as they were in the winter.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention now looks to wastewater as fewer people are reporting test results to health authorities. The wastewater data shows the epidemic is worst in Western and Southern states. In New York, for example, levels are considered “high” — compared with “very high” in Georgia.

Hospitalizations and deaths due to covid have trended up, too. But unlike infections, these rates are nowhere near those seen in winter surges, or in summers past. More than 2,000 people died of covid in July — a high number but a small fraction of the at least 25,700 covid deaths in July 2020.

Partial immunity built up through vaccines and prior infections deserves credit for this relief. A new study suggests that current variants may be less virulent — in the study, one of the recent variants did not kill mice exposed to it, unlike most earlier covid variants.

Public health officials note that even with more cases this summer, people seem to be managing their sickness at home. “We did see a little rise in the number of cases, but it didn’t have a significant impact in terms of hospitalizations and emergency room visits,” said Manisha Juthani, public health commissioner of Connecticut, at a news briefing Aug. 21.

Unlike influenza or traditional cold viruses, covid seems to thrive outside the cold months, when germy schoolkids, dry air, and indoor activities are thought to enable the spread of air- and saliva-borne viruses. No one is exactly sure why.

“Covid is still very transmissible, very new, and people congregate inside in air-conditioned rooms during the summer,” said John Moore, a virologist and professor at Cornell University’s Weill Cornell Medicine.

Or “maybe covid is more tolerant of humidity or other environmental conditions in the summer,” said Caitlin Rivers, an epidemiologist at Johns Hopkins University.

Because viruses evolve as they infect people, the CDC has recommended updated covid vaccines each year. Last fall’s booster was designed to target the omicron variant circulating in 2023. This year, mRNA vaccines made by Moderna and Pfizer and the protein-based vaccine from Novavax — which has yet to be approved by the FDA — target a more recent omicron variant, JN.1.

The FDA determined that the mRNA vaccines strongly protected people from severe disease and death — and would do so even though earlier variants of JN.1 are now being overtaken by others.

Public interest in covid vaccines has waned, with only 1 in 5 adults getting vaccinated since last September, compared with about 80% who got the first dose. New Yorkers have been slightly above the national vaccination rate, while in Georgia only about 17% got the latest shot.

Vaccine uptake is lower in states where the majority voted for Donald Trump in 2020 and among those who have less money and education, less health care access, or less time off from work. These groups are also more likely to be hospitalized or die of the disease, according to a 2023 study in The Lancet.

While the newly formulated vaccines are better targeted at the circulating covid variants, uninsured and underinsured Americans may have to rush if they hope to get one for free. A CDC program that provided boosters to 1.5 million people over the last year ran out of money and is ending Aug. 31.

The agency drummed up $62 million in unspent funds to pay state and local health departments to provide the new shots to those not covered by insurance. But “that may not go very far” if the vaccine costs the agency around $86 a dose, as it did last year, said Kelly Moore, CEO of Immunize.org, which advocates for vaccination.

People who pay out-of-pocket at pharmacies face higher prices: CVS plans to sell the updated vaccine for $201.99, said Amy Thibault, a spokesperson for the company.

“Price can be a barrier, access can be a barrier” to vaccination, said David Scales, an assistant professor of medicine at Weill Cornell Medicine.

Without an access program that provides vaccines to uninsured adults, “we’ll see disparities in health outcomes and disproportionate outbreaks in the working poor, who can ill afford to take off work,” Kelly Moore said.

New York state has about $1 million to fill the gaps when the CDC’s program ends, said Danielle De Souza, a spokesperson for the New York State Department of Health. That will buy around 12,500 doses for uninsured and underinsured adults, she said. There are roughly one million uninsured people in the state.

CDC and FDA experts last year decided to promote annual fall vaccination against covid and influenza along with a one-time respiratory syncytial virus shot for some groups.

It would be impractical for the vaccine-makers to change the covid vaccine’s recipe twice every year, and offering the three vaccines during one or two health care visits appears to be the best way to increase uptake of all of them, said Schaffner, who consults for the CDC’s policy-setting Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices.

At its next meeting, in October, the committee is likely to urge vulnerable people to get a second dose of the same covid vaccine in the spring, for protection against the next summer wave, he said.

If you’re in a vulnerable population and waiting to get vaccinated until closer to the holiday season, Schaffner said, it makes sense to wear a mask and avoid big crowds, and to get a test if you think you have covid. If positive, people in these groups should seek medical attention since the antiviral pill Paxlovid might ameliorate their symptoms and keep them out of the hospital.

As for conscientious others who feel they may be sick and don’t want to spread the covid virus, the best advice is to get a single test and, if positive, try to isolate for a few days and then wear a mask for several days while avoiding crowded rooms. Repeat testing after a positive result is pointless, since viral particles in the nose may remain for days without signifying a risk of infecting others, Schaffner said.

The Health and Human Services Department is making four free covid tests available to anyone who requests them starting in late September through covidtest.gov, said Dawn O’Connell, assistant secretary for preparedness and response, at the Aug. 23 briefing.

The government is focusing its fall vaccine advocacy campaign — which it’s calling “Risk Less. Do More.” — on older people and nursing home residents, said HHS spokesperson Jeff Nesbit.

Not everyone may really need a fall covid booster, but “it’s not wrong to give people options,” John Moore said. “The 20-year-old athlete is less at risk than the 70-year-old overweight dude. It’s as simple as that.”

KFF Health News correspondent Amy Maxmen contributed to this report.

Healthbeat is a nonprofit newsroom covering public health published by Civic News Company and KFF Health News. Sign up for its newsletters here.

KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.

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Ya está disponible la nueva vacuna contra covid, pero piensa bien cuándo conviene vacunarte https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/ya-esta-disponible-la-nueva-vacuna-contra-covid-pero-piensa-bien-cuando-conviene-vacunarte/ Mon, 26 Aug 2024 08:55:00 +0000 https://kffhealthnews.org/?post_type=article&p=1905389 La Administración de Drogas y Alimentos (FDA) ha aprobado una vacuna actualizada contra covid para todas las personas de 6 meses en adelante, lo que renueva un dilema que ahora es anual: ¿Recibir la vacuna ya, con el brote de covid aún por todo el país, o reservarla para la ola invernal?

La nueva vacuna debería proporcionar cierta protección a todos. Pero muchas personas saludables que ya han sido vacunadas o tienen inmunidad porque han estado expuestas al covid varias veces pueden querer esperar unos meses.

El covid se ha vuelto común. Para algunos, es una enfermedad leve con pocos síntomas. Otros están postrados con fiebre, tos y fatiga durante días o semanas. Un grupo mucho más pequeño, principalmente personas mayores o con enfermedades crónicas, sufre hospitalización o muerte.

Es importante que aquellos en grupos de alto riesgo se vacunen, pero la protección de la vacuna disminuye después de unos meses. Los que se apresuren a recibir la nueva vacuna pueden ser más propensos a enfermarse este invierno cuando llegue la próxima ola, dijo William Schaffner, profesor de enfermedades infecciosas en la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad de Vanderbilt y vocero de la Fundación Nacional para Enfermedades Infecciosas.

Por otro lado, para finales del otoño, las principales variantes pueden haber cambiado, lo que podría hacer que la vacuna sea menos efectiva, dijo Peter Marks, el principal funcionario de vacunas de la FDA, en una conferencia el 23 de agosto. Instó a todos los elegibles para vacunarse, remarcando que el riesgo de covid prolongado es mayor en los no vacunados o los que no tienen todas sus vacunas.

Si el lanzamiento de la vacuna contra covid del año pasado sirve de guía, pocos estadounidenses seguirán su consejo, a pesar de que el aumento de casos de este verano ha sido inusualmente intenso, con niveles del virus en aguas residuales que sugieren que las infecciones son tan extendidas como en invierno.

Ahora, los Centros para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC) observan las aguas residuales, ya que menos personas están informando los resultados de las pruebas a las autoridades de salud. Los datos de las aguas residuales muestran que la epidemia es peor en los estados del oeste y sur del país. En Nueva York, por ejemplo, los niveles se consideran “altos”, en comparación con “muy altos” en Georgia.

Las hospitalizaciones y muertes por covid también han aumentado. Pero a diferencia de las infecciones, estas tasas no se acercan a las vistas en las oleadas invernales, o en veranos anteriores. Más de 2,000 personas murieron a causa de covid en julio, una cifra alta pero una pequeña fracción de las al menos 25,700 muertes que hubo en julio de 2020.

La inmunidad parcial acumulada a través de vacunas e infecciones previas merece crédito por este alivio. Un nuevo estudio sugiere que las variantes actuales pueden ser menos virulentas; en el estudio, una de las variantes recientes no mató a ratones expuestos, a diferencia de la mayoría de las variantes anteriores de covid.

Funcionarios de salud pública indican que, incluso con más casos este verano, la gente parece estar manejando su enfermedad en casa. “Vimos un pequeño aumento en el número de casos, pero no tuvo un impacto significativo en términos de hospitalizaciones y visitas a las salas de emergencias”, dijo Manisha Juthani, comisionada de salud pública de Connecticut, en una conferencia de prensa el 21 de agosto.

A diferencia de la influenza o los virus tradicionales del resfriado, covid parece prosperar fuera de los meses fríos, cuando se cree que los niños escolares, el aire seco y las actividades en interiores facilitan la propagación de virus transmitidos por el aire y la saliva. Nadie está exactamente seguro de por qué.

“El covid sigue siendo muy transmisible, muy nuevo, y la gente se congrega en habitaciones con aire acondicionado durante el verano”, dijo John Moore, virólogo y profesor en el Colegio de Medicina Weill Cornell de la Universidad Cornell.

O “tal vez el covid sea más tolerante a la humedad u otras condiciones ambientales en el verano”, dijo Caitlin Rivers, epidemióloga de la Universidad Johns Hopkins.

Dado que los virus evolucionan a medida que infectan a las personas, los CDC han recomendado vacunas actualizadas contra covid cada año. El refuerzo del otoño pasado se diseñó para atacar a la variante ómicron que circulaba en 2023. Este año, las vacunas de ARNm de Moderna y Pfizer, y la vacuna basada en proteínas de Novavax —que aún no ha sido aprobada por la FDA—, están dirigidas a una variante más reciente de ómicron: JN.1.

La FDA determinó que las vacunas de ARNm protegían fuertemente a las personas contra enfermedades graves y la muerte, y lo harían aunque las primeras variantes de JN.1 ahora fueran superadas por otras.

El interés público en las vacunas contra covid ha bajado, con solo 1 de cada 5 adultos vacunándose desde septiembre pasado, en comparación con cerca del 80% que recibió la primera dosis. Los neoyorquinos han estado ligeramente por encima de la tasa nacional de vacunación, mientras que en Georgia solo alrededor del 17% recibió la última vacuna.

La aceptación de la vacuna es menor en los estados donde la mayoría votó por Donald Trump en 2020 y entre aquellos que tienen menos dinero y educación, menos acceso a atención médica o menos tiempo libre del trabajo. Estos grupos también tienen más probabilidades de ser hospitalizados o morir por la enfermedad, según un estudio de 2023 publicado en The Lancet.

Aunque las vacunas recién formuladas atacan mejor a las variantes del covid que circulan, los estadounidenses que no tienen seguro, o tienen una cobertura insuficiente pueden tener que apresurarse si esperan obtener dosis gratuitas. Un programa de los CDC que proporcionó refuerzos a 1.5 millones de personas durante el último año se quedó sin dinero y terminará el 31 de agosto.

La agencia reunió $62 millones en fondos no utilizados para pagar a los departamentos de salud estatales y locales para que ofrezcan las nuevas vacunas a aquellos que no están cubiertos por un seguro. Pero “eso puede no alcanzar mucho” si la vacuna cuesta a la agencia alrededor de $86 por dosis, como el año pasado, dijo Kelly Moore, CEO de Immunize.org, que aboga por la vacunación.

Las personas que pagan de su bolsillo en las farmacias enfrentan precios más altos: CVS planea vender la vacuna actualizada por $201.99, dijo Amy Thibault, vocera de la compañía.

“El precio puede ser una barrera, el acceso puede ser una barrera” para la vacunación, dijo David Scales, profesor asistente de medicina en el Colegio de Medicina Weill Cornell.

Sin un programa de acceso que proporcione vacunas a adultos no asegurados, “veremos disparidades en los resultados de salud y brotes desproporcionados entre los trabajadores pobres, que no pueden permitirse faltar al trabajo”, dijo Kelly Moore.

El estado de Nueva York tiene alrededor de $1 millón para llenar los vacíos cuando termine el programa de los CDC, dijo Danielle De Souza, portavoz del Departamento de Salud estatal. Con eso se comprarán alrededor de 12,500 dosis para adultos sin cobertura y con seguro insuficiente, dijo. En el estado, hay aproximadamente un millón de personas sin seguro.

El año pasado, expertos de los CDC y la FDA decidieron promover la vacunación anual contra covid y la influenza en otoño junto con una vacuna única contra el virus respiratorio sincitial para algunos grupos.

Sería poco práctico que los fabricantes cambiaran la receta de la vacuna contra covid dos veces al año, y ofrecer las tres vacunas durante una o dos visitas al médico parece ser la mejor manera de aumentar su aceptación, dijo Schaffner, quien es consultor para el Comité Asesor de Prácticas de Inmunización, que establece las políticas de los CDC.

En su próxima reunión, en octubre, el comité probablemente instará a las personas vulnerables a recibir una segunda dosis de la misma vacuna contra covid en la primavera, para protegerse contra la próxima ola de verano, dijo.

Si perteneces a una población vulnerable y estás esperando para vacunarte hasta más cerca de la temporada navideña, Schaffner dijo que tiene sentido usar máscara y evitar grandes multitudes, y hacerse una prueba si crees que tienes covid. Si el resultado es positivo, las personas en estos grupos deben buscar atención médica ya que la píldora antiviral Paxlovid podría mejorar sus síntomas y mantenerlas fuera del hospital.

En cuanto a otras personas conscientes, que sienten que pueden estar enfermos y no quieren propagar el virus, el mejor consejo es hacerse una prueba única y, si el resultado es positivo, intentar aislarse durante unos días y luego usar máscara durante varios días mientras evitan habitaciones concurridas. Repetir las pruebas después de un resultado positivo no tiene sentido, ya que las partículas virales en la nariz pueden permanecer durante días sin indicar un riesgo de infectar a otros, dijo Schaffner.

El Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos (HHS) está ofreciendo cuatro pruebas gratuitas de covid a cualquier persona que las solicite a partir de finales de septiembre a través de covidtest.gov, dijo Dawn O’Connell, secretaria adjunta de preparación y respuesta, en la conferencia del 23 de agosto.

El gobierno está centrando su campaña de promoción de vacunas para el otoño, que está llamando “Arriesga menos, vive más”, en las personas mayores y los residentes de hogares de adultos mayores, dijo Jeff Nesbit, vocero del HHS.

No todos pueden necesitar realmente un refuerzo de covid en otoño, pero “no está mal darle opciones a las personas”, dijo John Moore. “El atleta de 20 años tiene menos riesgo que la persona de 70 años con sobrepeso. Es tan simple como eso”.

Amy Maxmen, corresponsal de KFF Health News, colaboró con este informe

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How Little Denmark Got Homegrown Giant Novo Nordisk To Lower Ozempic Prices https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/novo-nordisk-ozempic-denmark-obesity-diabetes-drugs-cost/ Thu, 08 Aug 2024 09:00:00 +0000 https://kffhealthnews.org/?post_type=article&p=1891322 On May 13, Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.) published an open letter to Novo Nordisk on the front page of a leading Danish newspaper, urging the hometown company to live up to its altruistic standards by lowering U.S. prices for its blockbuster diabetes and weight loss drugs.

What Sanders didn’t realize was that Denmark, a country of 6 million, was enduring its own crisis over how to pay for the Novo Nordisk drugs Ozempic and Wegovy.

Most other developed countries, including Denmark, negotiate down drug costs for their citizens, paying prices that are a fraction of those in the United States. But when a drug is effective and expensive, pharmaceutical companies can play hardball on pricing. And Novo Nordisk did, at least initially, pushing the Danish health system to its limits.

The country’s socialized health system had for years covered Ozempic as a diabetes treatment, but in 2022 doctors began prescribing it for weight loss, too, and soon they “emptied all the money boxes in the entire public health system,” said University of Copenhagen professor Jens Juul Holst, a co-inventor of the drug.

Countries around the world are struggling with how and when to pay for Ozempic, Eli Lilly’s Mounjaro, and other drugs in the same chemical class, particularly when they are prescribed for weight loss. Indeed, the sky-high prices paid in the U.S. set a bar that pharmaceutical companies can use as they negotiate with other health systems.

In Denmark, with prescriptions for the drugs gobbling up 18% of regional drug budgets in 2023, officials were considering the unthinkable in a system that prides itself on free cradle-to-grave coverage: forcing patients to pay out-of-pocket for Ozempic — a drug made in the country.

In America, meanwhile, tightening insurance policies are making it harder for patients to get the drugs, which are listed at up to $1,350 a month.

“There are changes month to month in our clinic in terms of the supply, coverage, which drug is available,” said Michael Blaha, director of clinical research for the Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. He said that doctors and patients were “playing a constant game of prior authorization and appeals.”

In particular, use of the drugs for weight loss is a hot-button issue. Novo Nordisk and Lilly are battling for coverage — joined by some doctors and patient advocate groups, many funded by the drug companies. They are pressing to overturn a 2005 federal rule that prohibits Medicare from reimbursing weight loss treatments.

“There’s a strong assumption that Medicare is going to cover these drugs for obesity treatment sooner or later,” said David Kim, an assistant professor of medicine and public health sciences at the University of Chicago. If Medicare pays, he added, commercial insurers will probably follow suit.

The impact on federal and commercial insurance budgets, he said, depends on three unanswered questions: How many people will eventually get the drugs? For how long will they take them? And at what price?

The potential Medicare market alone is enormous. In 2020 about 13.7 million Medicare beneficiaries, around a quarter of the total, were diagnosed as overweight or obese, according to Juliette Cubanski and Tricia Neuman, researchers at KFF, a health information nonprofit that includes KFF Health News. Assuming a 50% discount on a $1,300 monthly list price for Wegovy, that’s a $107 billion price tag. The entire federal share of Medicare Part D spending in 2024 was projected to be $120 billion.

Novo Nordisk spent $7.6 million lobbying Congress over the past 12 months, and lobbying disclosures show that most of that was to promote bills in the House and Senate to expand use of the GLP-1 drugs.

Pressure from drugmakers has been relentless. Pfizer, which has a GLP-1 drug in development, commissioned a white paper by consultancy Manatt arguing that Medicare law already allows payment for these anti-obesity drugs, since they have benefits beyond weight loss. Novo and other pharmaceutical companies have funded research that shows health care savings on chronic disease through use of the drugs.

But the Congressional Budget Office, whose judgments about the cost of such policies weigh heavily in whether they are eventually adopted, has yet to give a final opinion. In a March presentation, the office said it was “not aware of empirical evidence that directly links the use of anti-obesity medicines to reductions in other health care spending.”

Prime Therapeutics, a pharmacy benefit manager whose clients are employers that fund drug plans, released a study this year finding that only a third of patients put on a GLP-1 drug stayed on it for a full year. That means insurance coverage of the drugs could sometimes be a waste of money, said Patrick Gleason, Prime Therapeutics’ leader of research, since research shows that patients tend to gain the weight back after cessation.

That doesn’t completely surprise Holst, the Danish scientist, who said the GLP-1 drugs’ suppression of appetite is for many people “so miserably boring that you can’t stand it any longer and you have to go back to your old life.”

One answer might be weight loss programs that employ the GLP-1s for, say, a year, followed by maintenance therapy with cheaper drugs, Kim said.

One way or another, many experts in the field say, it’s sensible to cover weight loss before the onset of the chronic illnesses associated with obesity, like Type 2 diabetes.

Indeed, because obesity is associated with so many comorbidities, drugmakers are now doing studies showing that GLP-1 drugs also show positive impact on conditions like sleep apnea and heart, liver, and kidney diseases.

Yet even advocates for the drugs’ use acknowledge uncertainty about how long it would take for such health benefits to kick in, or whether shorter-term use would prevent or ameliorate longer-term illnesses.

“Modeling the impacts is complicated,” said Alison Sexton Ward, a research scientist at the University of Southern California’s Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics. “Medical costs won’t go down immediately. The prevented diseases may be years in the future.”

Starting next year, Medicare beneficiaries’ Part D out-of-pocket costs will be capped at $2,000, meaning U.S. taxpayers will foot the bill for most Medicare drug expenses. So it’s no surprise the Congressional Budget Office believes the government will launch Medicare price negotiations for semaglutide under the Inflation Reduction Act “within the next few years,” per its March presentation.

According to the terms of the act, Ozempic would be eligible for government price negotiation as early as next year, with new prices reflected in 2027. The negotiated unit price would apply to all forms of the drug — Ozempic; its higher-dose, weight loss-branded version, Wegovy; and a pill, Rybelsus.

Where the price would land is unclear. Wegovy costs patients up to $365 a month in Denmark, which typically doesn’t cover the drug — and about $140 in Germany and $92 in the U.K.

Meanwhile, generic drugmakers are gearing up to sell their versions of semaglutide. Those appear set to go on sale in China and Brazil as early as 2026. Americans are likely to have to wait until at least 2032 because of U.S. patent restrictions. The Federal Trade Commission has tried to nibble at the drugs’ exclusivity periods by challenging Novo Nordisk patent filings on applicators used to inject the drugs — which would extend their market exclusivity up to 30 months.

For now, patients who can’t afford or access the drugs often turn to compounded forms, which are not FDA-approved although their raw material comes from FDA-registered factories. Blaha has “a number of patients” who can’t access the branded drugs and show up at the clinic with compound drug vials.

Two weeks before Sanders published his letter in Denmark, Novo Nordisk cut the local price of Ozempic by 34%, to $130 a month — about 15% of its U.S. list price. The government, which had warned it would stop paying for the drug, agreed to cover Ozempic diabetes treatment, but only for patients who had first tried a cheaper medicine such as metformin.

Wegovy, the same medicine but at a higher dose, targeted to weight loss, would in nearly all cases remain the patient’s responsibility at $365 monthly, a price that, while modest by U.S. standards, has sparked intense discussions about the uneven impact of class on its affordability, said Nils Jakob Knudsen, an endocrinologist in Copenhagen.

The calculus of the drugs’ price is complex for the Danes, he added, because “the blooming economy for Novo is also driving our very healthy Danish economy.”

Novo Nordisk’s market valuation of $591 billion on Aug. 2 was considerably higher than the entire GDP of Denmark.

KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.

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Copycat Weight-Loss Drugs Are Major Players With Consumers https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/health-brief-anti-obesity-drugs-copycats-ozempic-wegovy-mounjaro/ Wed, 31 Jul 2024 13:32:08 +0000 https://kffhealthnews.org/?p=1890063&post_type=article&preview_id=1890063 As many as 1 in 8 American adults has tried one of the GLP-1 anti-obesity drugs, but a surprising number aren’t getting their supplies from pharma giants Novo Nordisk or Eli Lilly. Up to 30 percent of the market, by some estimates, is made up of copycat versions from compounding pharmacies.

Compounding is legal, though the resulting products sometimes fall into a gray area because they’re copies of drugs under patent and are not approved by the Food and Drug Administration.

Mark Mikhael, CEO of Orlando-based Olympia Pharmaceuticals, estimates that his and other large compounders provision up to 2 million Americans each month with semaglutide, the scientific name for Novo Nordisk’s Wegovy, Ozempic and Rybelsus formulations, or tirzepatide, the active ingredient in Eli Lilly’s Zepbound and Mounjaro.

Many of the compounded drugs are produced for and sold by online pharmacies like Hims & Hers Health, Henry Meds and Ro. Others come from smaller compounding companies.

Novo Nordisk and Lilly fiercely oppose these sales and lump the compounders together with unregulated medical spas peddling bogus semaglutide. Novo Nordisk has filed at least 21 lawsuits nationwide against companies making purported copies of its drugs, said Brianna Kelley, a spokesperson for the company, and urges doctors to avoid them.

When there’s a drug shortage — the FDA has put semaglutide and tirzepatide on shortage lists since 2022 — the agency allows compounders to make it. The compounding companies get raw material for the drugs from mostly Chinese businesses that are registered and, at least in theory, inspected by the FDA.

Because the drugs are not strictly FDA-approved, those who make, prescribe or take them should exercise “an increased level of responsibility or awareness,” FDA spokesperson Amanda Hils said.

But she distinguished the compounded drugs from unregulated powders sold as “generic Ozempic” and the like, which may be contaminated or counterfeit. The agency recently warned about patients taking the wrong doses of the compounds, but it hasn’t received a disproportionate number of side effect reports linked to these drugs.

Semaglutide and tirzepatide have registered unprecedented success in weight loss. They are also showing promise against heart, kidney and liver diseases, and are being tested to treat or prevent Alzheimer’s disease and drug addiction. It’s no wonder they are in shortage.

While most compounded drugs are copies of old, cheap generics, semaglutide and tirzepatide are under patent and earn Novo Nordisk and Lilly billions of dollars a year. Compounded forms are cheaper, particularly for patients whose insurers won’t cover the branded drugs.

While the pharmaceutical giants can’t keep up with demand, they dispute the right of compounders to make and sell copies. Lilly spokesperson Kristiane Silva Bello said her company was “deeply concerned” about “serious health risks” from compounded drugs that “should not be on the market.”

Mikhael’s company is an outsourcing facility, or 503B compounding pharmacy — regulated directly by the FDA. Smaller 503A pharmacies are largely overseen by state boards of pharmacy.

The compounders are defiant, calling the diabetes and diet drugs essential products.

“If you don’t want a 503B facility to make a copy, it’s pretty simple: Don’t go short,” said Lee Rosebush, chair of a trade association for 503B pharmacies. “FDA created this system because these are necessary drugs.”

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The CDC’s Test for Bird Flu Works, but It Has Issues https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/bird-flu-test-cdc-flaws/ Fri, 26 Jul 2024 09:00:00 +0000 https://kffhealthnews.org/?post_type=article&p=1888022 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says a glitch in its bird flu test hasn’t harmed the agency’s outbreak response. But it has ignited scrutiny of its go-it-alone approach in testing for emerging pathogens.

The agency has quietly worked since April to resolve a nagging issue with the test it developed, even as the virus swept through dairy farms and chicken houses across the country and infected at least 13 farmworkers this year.

At a congressional hearing July 23, Rep. Brett Guthrie (R-Ky.) asked about the issue. “Boy, that rings of 2020,” he said, referring to when the nation was caught off guard by the covid-19 pandemic, in part because of dysfunctional tests made by the CDC. Demetre Daskalakis, director of the CDC’s National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, responded that the agency rapidly developed a workaround that makes its bird flu test reliable.

“The tests are 100% usable,” he later told KFF Health News, adding that the FDA studied the tests and came to the same conclusion. The imperfect tests, which have a faulty element that sometimes requires testing a sample again, will be replaced soon. He added, “We have made sure that we’re offering a high-quality product.”

Still, some researchers were unnerved by the news coming four months after the government declared a worrisome bird flu outbreak among cattle. The CDC’s test is the only one available for clinical use. Some researchers say its flaws, though manageable, underscore the risk of relying on a single entity for testing.

The problem came to light in April as the agency prepared to distribute its test to about 100 public health labs around the country. CDC officials detected the issue through a quality control system put in place after the covid test catastrophe of 2020.

Daskalakis said the CDC’s original test design was fine, but a flaw emerged when a company contracted by the agency manufactured the tests in bulk. In these tests, one of two components that recognize proteins called H5 in the H5N1 bird flu virus was unreliable, eliminating an important safeguard. By targeting the same protein twice, tests have a built-in backup in case one part fails.

The agency developed a fix to ensure a reliable result: If only one of the two parts detected H5, the test was considered inconclusive and would be run again. With the FDA’s blessing, the CDC distributed the tests — with workaround instructions — to public health labs.

Kelly Wroblewski, director of infectious diseases at the Association of Public Health Laboratories, said the results of the tests have not been ambiguous, and there is no need to discard the tests.

Still, the agency has asked a different manufacturer to remake the faulty component so that 1.2 million improved tests will be available soon, Daskalakis said. Some of the updated tests are already in stock at the CDC, but the FDA hasn’t yet signed off on their use. Daskalakis declined to name the manufacturers.

Meanwhile, the outbreak has grown. Farmworkers continue to lack information about the virus and gear to protect them from it. Rural clinics may miss cases if they don’t catch a person’s connection to a farm and notify health officials rather than their usual diagnostic testing laboratories.

Those clinical labs remain unauthorized to test for the bird flu. Several of those labs have spent months working through analyses and red tape so that they can run the CDC’s tests. As part of the licensing process, the CDC alerted them to the workaround with the current test, too.

But outside select circles, the news was largely overlooked. “I’m totally surprised by this,” Alex Greninger, assistant director of the University of Washington Clinical Virology Laboratory, told KFF Health News this week. Greninger’s lab is developing its own test and has been trying to obtain CDC test kits to evaluate.

“It’s not a red alarm,” he said, but he’s worried that as the CDC and the FDA spend months developing and evaluating an updated test, the only one available relies on a single component. If the genetic code underlying that fragment of the H5 protein mutates, the test could give false results.

It’s not uncommon for academic and commercial diagnostic labs to make mistakes and catch them during quality control checks, as the CDC did. Still, this isn’t the agency’s first mishap. In 2016, well before the covid debacle, CDC officials for months directed public health labs to use a Zika test that failed about a third of the time.

The CDC caught and worked to remediate the situation far more quickly and effectively in this case. Nonetheless, the mishap raises concern. Michael Mina, chief science officer of the telemedicine company eMed.com, said diagnostic companies may be better suited to the task.

“It’s a reminder that CDC is not a robust manufacturer of tests” and lacks the resources that industry can marshal for their production, Mina said. “We do not ask CDC to make vaccines and pharmaceuticals, and we do not ask the Pentagon to manufacture missiles.”

The CDC has licensed its updated test design to at least seven clinical diagnostic labs. Such labs are the foundation of testing in the U.S. But none have FDA clearance to use them.

Diagnostic labs are developing their own tests, too. But that has been slow-going. One reason is the lack of guaranteed sales. Another is regulatory uncertainty. Recent FDA guidance could make it harder for nongovernmental laboratories to issue new tests in the early phase of pandemics, said Susan Van Meter, president of the American Clinical Laboratory Association, in a July 1 letter to the FDA.

Transparency is also critical, scientists said. Benjamin Pinsky, medical director of the clinical virology laboratory at Stanford University, said as a public agency the CDC should make its protocol — its recipe for making the test — easily accessible online.

The World Health Organization does so for its bird flu tests, and with that information in hand, Pinsky’s lab has developed an H5 bird flu test suited to the strain circulating this year in the U.S. The lab published its approach this month but doesn’t have FDA authorization for its broad use.

The CDC’s test recipe is available in a published patent, Daskalakis said.

“We have made sure that tests are out there, and that they work,” he added.

As the CDC came under fire at the July 23 congressional hearing, Daniel Jernigan, director of the CDC’s National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, noted that testing is just one tool. The agency needs money for another promising area — looking for the virus in wastewater. Its current program uses supplemental funds, he said: “It is not in the current budget and will go away without additional funding.”

KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.

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